Sources underpinning the 300-article program. Each was located and confirmed against the published literature, and is attached to an article only where that article makes a claim the source actually verifies — shown inline beneath each AI-citation block.
| Source & what it verifies | Articles |
|---|---|
| Jäger R, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, et al. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8 Verifies: Protein requirements for active adults (1.4–2.0 g/kg/day), per-meal doses, and protein–exercise synergy for muscle protein synthesis. |
118 |
| Helms ER, Aragon AA, Fitschen PJ (2014). Evidence-based recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: nutrition and supplementation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-11-20 Verifies: Elevated protein (≈2.3–3.1 g/kg lean mass) and a 0.5–1% bodyweight/week loss rate maximise lean-mass retention in a calorie deficit. |
68 |
| Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J, et al. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z Verifies: Creatine monohydrate efficacy, 3–5 g/day dosing, loading protocol, and long-term safety. |
61 |
| Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, et al. (2018). ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15, 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y Verifies: ISSN evidence tiers for supplements: which ergogenic aids are strongly supported, which are limited/unsupported, and how to evaluate claims. |
55 |
| Hall KD, Sacks G, Chandramohan D, et al. (2011). Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight. The Lancet, 378(9793), 826–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60812-X Verifies: Energy-balance dynamics: weight change is slow and non-linear; the static 3,500-calorie rule is wrong; expenditure falls as weight falls (plateau). |
50 |
| Guest NS, VanDusseldorp TA, Nelson MT, et al. (2021). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 18(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4 Verifies: Caffeine dosing (3–6 mg/kg), ~60 min pre-exercise timing, ergogenic effects, habituation and side effects. |
39 |
| Astbury NM, Piernas C, Hartmann-Boyce J, Lapworth S, Aveyard P, Jebb SA (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of meal replacements for weight loss. Obesity Reviews, 20(4), 569–587. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12816 Verifies: Meal-replacement based diets produce greater weight loss at 1 year than comparators (23 RCTs, 7,884 adults; mean difference −1.44 kg). |
38 |
| Wing RR, Phelan S (2005). Long-term weight loss maintenance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82(1 Suppl), 222S–225S. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16002825/ Verifies: Long-term maintenance: ~20% of people sustain ≥10% loss for ≥1 year; NWCR maintainers use high activity, breakfast, self-monitoring and consistent eating. |
37 |
| Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, et al. (2018). A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(6), 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608 Verifies: Protein supplementation augments resistance-training gains in muscle mass and strength; benefit plateaus near 1.6 g/kg/day. |
33 |
| Kerksick CM, Arent S, Schoenfeld BJ, et al. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14, 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4 Verifies: Nutrient timing: the post-exercise 'anabolic window' is far wider than 30 minutes; total daily intake outranks timing for body composition. |
32 |
| Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, et al. (2013). Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 14(8), 542–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021 Verifies: Older adults need more protein than younger adults (≈1.0–1.2 g/kg/day, higher with illness/exercise) to protect muscle and function. |
25 |
| Johns DJ, Hartmann-Boyce J, Jebb SA, Aveyard P (2014). Diet or exercise interventions vs combined behavioral weight management programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis of direct comparisons. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 114(10), 1557–1568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.07.005 Verifies: Exercise-only programs are less effective for weight loss than diet-based or combined programs, in both the short and long term. |
22 |
| Buford TW, Kreider RB, Stout JR, et al. (2007). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 4, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-4-6 Verifies: Original ISSN position that creatine monohydrate is the most effective ergogenic aid for high-intensity work and lean mass. |
21 |
| Davis SR, Castelo-Branco C, Chedraui P, et al. (2012). Understanding weight gain at menopause. Climacteric, 15(5), 419–429. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22978257/ Verifies: Menopause transition is associated with increased total and abdominal (visceral) fat; weight gain per se tracks with ageing. |
21 |
| Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS (2007). American College of Sports Medicine position stand: exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(2), 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597 Verifies: Fluid replacement: pre-hydration, sweat-loss replacement, sodium/electrolyte needs, and performance decrement with dehydration. |
18 |
| Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, et al. (2018). Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 103(5), 1715–1744. https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/103/5/1715/4939465 Verifies: Diagnosis and management of male hypogonadism: symptoms plus consistently low testosterone; therapy indications and monitoring. |
17 |
| Lally P, van Jaarsveld CHM, Potts HWW, Wardle J (2010). How are habits formed: modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 998–1009. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.674 Verifies: Habit formation takes a median ~66 days (range 18–254), not 21 days; automaticity builds with consistent repetition in a stable context. |
17 |
| National Health and Medical Research Council & New Zealand Ministry of Health (2006). Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand: Iron (RDI 18 mg/day for women 19–50; 8 mg/day for men and post-menopausal women). Canberra: NHMRC. https://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/nutrient-reference-values/nutrients/iron Verifies: Australian iron requirements: RDI 18 mg/day for pre-menopausal women vs 8 mg/day for men and post-menopausal women. |
12 |
| Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Stout JR, et al. (2015). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y Verifies: Beta-alanine: 4–6 g/day for 2–4 weeks raises muscle carnosine; benefits 1–4 min efforts; paraesthesia (tingling) is the main side effect. |
11 |
| Sport Integrity Australia (2025). Supplement risk analysis. Australian Government. https://www.sportintegrity.gov.au/what-we-do/anti-doping/substance-education/supplement-risk-analysis Verifies: Supplement contamination and doping risk in Australia; batch-testing (HASTA/Informed Sport) lowers but does not eliminate risk. |
10 |
| Wu T, et al. (2009). Long-term effectiveness of diet-plus-exercise interventions vs. diet-only interventions for weight loss: a meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews, 10(3), 313–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00547.x Verifies: Diet-plus-exercise produces greater long-term weight loss than diet alone (meta-analysis of 18 RCTs). |
7 |
| Barker L, et al. (2025). Sports supplement analysis survey for the prevalence of WADA prohibited substances in the Australian online marketplace. Drug Testing and Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3893 Verifies: Australian marketplace survey: >1 in 3 non-batch-tested supplements bought online contained WADA-prohibited substances, mostly undeclared. |
4 |
| Australian Government Department of Health, Disability and Ageing (2026). Australian 24-hour movement guidelines for adults (18 to 64 years) and older adults (65+ years). Canberra: Australian Government. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/australian-24-hour-movement-guidelines-for-adults-18-to-64-years-and-older-adults-65years Verifies: Australian 24-hour movement guidelines: moderate/vigorous activity targets, muscle-strengthening 2+ days/week, and sleep recommendations. |
3 |
| National Health and Medical Research Council & New Zealand Ministry of Health (2006). Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand: Dietary fibre (Adequate Intake 25 g/day for women; 30 g/day for men). Canberra: NHMRC. https://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/nutrient-reference-values/nutrients/dietary-fibre Verifies: Australian dietary fibre targets: Adequate Intake 25 g/day for women, 30 g/day for men. |
3 |
| National Health and Medical Research Council (2013). Australian Dietary Guidelines. Canberra: NHMRC. https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/adg Verifies: Australian Dietary Guidelines: five food groups, serve sizes, and limits on saturated fat, added sugar, salt and alcohol. |
1 |
| World Health Organization (2023). Use of non-sugar sweeteners: WHO guideline. Geneva: World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/15-05-2023-who-advises-not-to-use-non-sugar-sweeteners-for-weight-control-in-newly-released-guideline Verifies: WHO conditional recommendation against using non-sugar sweeteners for weight control (low-certainty evidence). |
1 |
| Khan TA, Lee JJ, Ayoub-Charette S, et al. (2023). WHO guideline on the use of non-sugar sweeteners: a need for reconsideration. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 77(11), 1009–1013. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-023-01314-7 Verifies: Published critique of the WHO non-sugar-sweetener guideline, arguing the evidence base warrants reconsideration (cited alongside WHO for balance). |
1 |